Etiquette for the Tea or Breakfast Table

Settings for Tea have changed very little over the past 200 years. Settings for Breakfasts have changed dramatically, however, as breakfasts have become less and less formal, with far fewer foods served, than they were in the 19th century, through to the gilded age, and Edwardian era in the early 20th century. 

Setting a Table for Breakfast or Tea

1. Lay the rug square with the room, and smooth and even.

2. Set the table square with the room, and see that the legs are properly placed to support the leaves and to stand firmly.

3. Put on the tablecloth, square with the table, and make it lie smooth and even.

4. Put on the waiter, for breakfast or tea, and set the saucers and cups on in two or three piles, and the spoons in the slop-bowl; or, if there are few persons to eat, set the cups in the saucers, with a spoon to each. Set the sugar and slop-bowls and cream-cup the back side of the waiter, and put the spoon or sugar-tongs on the sugar-bowl.

5. Lay the mats on the table, in a regular order, and set the plates around the table, at regular distances, putting at each plate a napkin, and a cup-stand.

6. Put a knife and fork to each plate, laying them even, and all in a similar manner. If meat is used, put the carving-knife and fork and steel by the master of the house.

7. Set the tea or coffee-pot on a mat, at the right side of the waiter, and the dishes on the mats, putting them in a regular order.

8. If meat is used, set the caster in the center, and at two oblique corners set the salt, between two large spoons crossed. Lay the salt-spoons across the stands, and put the mustard-spoon by its cup.

9. Set the chairs.

From Catharine E. Beecher’s, “A Treatise on Domestic Economy,” 1841

 🍽Etiquette Enthusiast, Maura J. Graber, is the Site Editor for the Etiquipedia© Etiquette Encyclopedia

Gilded Age Royal Dining Etiquette

 

An American Breakfast Table of the Period

The dinners of the Czar and the richer Russian Princes are models of their kind. It was the Russians who invented the idea of serving the dishes all from the outside; hence a service à la Russe, which prevents the tablecloth from being smeared with gravy and other greasy substances. The choice porcelain and glass, the gold and silver, beautiful ornaments— these are the wonder of all travelers who visit Russia. 

The old fashion has returned again of a sort of elevated tray, or little table in the middle of the table, on which are placed the choice silver jugs, ornamented pieces, and the flowers, fruits, candied fruits — indeed, the ornamental pieces of the dinner. This sort of tray, to be at its best, should be of inlaid wood, bound in silver, and of the time of Louis Quinze. A real antique of this kind is highly prized in France, England and Italy. For the breakfast-table a rotating round china standard, in two parts for the jam, honey, butter, powdered sugar, potted meats, etc., and other belongings of a breakfast, is almost universal in England.— Harpers Bazaar, 1887

 🍽Etiquette Enthusiast, Maura J. Graber, is the Site Editor for the Etiquipedia© Etiquette Encyclopedia

Setting a Breakfast Table, 1905

Blue and white is a good combination, and is, perhaps, more suitable for the morning meal than anything else. As a certain philosopher says: “The blue and white look so pretty with the eggs!”

Having said so much, we proceed, not to our mutton, as the French have it, but to our breakfast, in which the table plays no small nor unimportant part.

There are rumors that the pretty and sensible fashion of doilies on the bare table is on the wane, but let us hope these are untrue, or, if not, that some of us may have the courage of our convictions and continue to adhere to a custom which has everything in its favor and nothing against it.

In the absence of handsome top of oak or mahogany, the breakfast cloths, fringed or not, as one likes, which are about a yard and a quarter square, are the next best thing. Asbestos mats, under the cloth, protect the table from the hot dishes. Failing these, fairly satisfactory substitutes are made from thin white oil-cloth, between two layers of canton flannel, “fur side outside,” and quilted on the machine. Grass table-mats are also used, but always under cloth or doily. Canton flannel, quilted, three layers to a mat, is easily washed, and furnishes a great deal of protection.

Breakfast, most assuredly, is not dinner, and there should be a distinct difference in the laying of the table. The small doilies are easily washed, and fresh ones are possible every morning—an assured gain in the way of daintiness.

Let us suppose that we have a handsome table-top, and an unlimited supply of doilies, tray-cloths and centrepieces. First the centrepiece goes on, exactly in the centre, by the way, and not with a prejudiced leaning to one side or the other. On this belongs the pot of growing fern, the low jar containing a few simple flowers, or a bowl of fruit, decorated with green leaves, if green leaves are to be had.

At each place the breakfast doily, nine or twelve inches square, a small doily for the coffee cup, and another for the glass of water. At the right of the plate, the small silver knife, sharp edge toward the plate, the spoons for fruit and cereal; at the left, one fork, or two, as needed, and the coffee spoon.

In front of the master of the house the small platter containing the pièce de résistance will eventually be placed; in front of the mistress of the mansion, the silver tray bearing the coffee service—coffee-pot, hot-water pitcher, cream jug, milk pitcher, and sugar bowl.

Breakfast napkins are smaller than dinner napkins, and the small fringed napkins are not out of place. “Costly thy habit as thy purse [11]will buy” might well refer to linen, for it is the one thing in which price is a direct guarantee of quality.

Satisfactory breakfast cloths and napkins are made of linen sheeting, fringed, hemstitched, or carefully hemmed by hand, and in this way a pretty cloth can be had for less money than in any other. The linen wears well, washes beautifully, and acquires a finer sheen with every tubbing. Insertions and borders of torchon or other heavy lace make a breakfast cloth suitable for the most elaborate occasion, and separate doilies may easily be made to match. The heavy white embroidery which has recently come into favor is unusually attractive here.

Finger-bowls wait on the sideboard, to be placed after the fruit course, or after breakfast. The rose-water, slice of lemon, geranium leaves, and other finger-bowl refinements in favor for dinners are out of place at breakfast. Clear, cool water is in better taste.

The china used at the breakfast table should be different from that used at dinner. Heavier ware is permissible, and more latitude in the way of decoration is given. Much of the breakfast china one sees in the shops is distinctly cheerful in tone, and one must take care to select the more quiet patterns. It is not pleasant to go to breakfast with a fickle appetite, and be greeted by a trumpet-toned “Good Morning” from the china.

Endless difference is allowed, however, and all the quaint, pretty jugs, pitchers, and plates may properly be used at breakfast. One is wise, however, to have a particular color scheme in mind and to buy all china to blend with it. Blue and white is a good combination, and is, perhaps, more suitable for the morning meal than anything else. As a certain philosopher says: “The blue and white look so pretty with the eggs!”

The carafe, muffin plate, platter, and all other bowls, platters, plates, and pitchers not on the individual cover have each a separate doily, with the protecting mat always under hot dishes. A well-set table is governed by a simple law—that of precision. Dishes arranged in an order little less than military, all angles either right or acute, will, for some occult reason, always look well. Informality may be given by the arrangement of the flowers, or by a flower or two laid carelessly on the table. But one must be careful not to trifle too much with this law of precision. Knives, forks, and spoons must all be laid straight, but not near enough together to touch, and napkins and dishes must be precisely placed, else confusion and riot will result.

The breakfast selected as a type consists of fruit, a cereal, salt fish, or salt meat, or eggs, or omelets, hot bread of some kind, and pancakes or waffles, or coffee cake, one dish from each group, and coffee. Six dishes in all, which may be less if desired, but never more. All six form a breakfast sufficiently hearty for a stone mason or a piano mover; one or two give a breakfast light enough to tempt those who eat no breakfast at all. For serving it are required small and medium-sized plates, knives, forks, spoons, egg cups, platters, service plates, cups and saucers, glasses, coffee-pot, pitchers, sugar bowl, and cream jug, syrup pitcher, and fruit bowl.

Fruit is said to be “gold in the morning,” and it is a poor breakfast, indeed, from which it is omitted. Even in winter it is not hard to secure variety, if time and thought be taken, for the dried fruits are always in the market and by careful cooking may be made acceptable to the most uncertain appetite.

Medical authorities recommend a glass of water taken the first thing upon rising, either hot or cold as suits one best. A little lemon-juice takes the “flat” taste from plain hot water, and clear, cool water, not iced, needs nothing at all. This simple observance of a very obvious hygienic rule will temper the tempestuous morning for any one. One washes his face, his hands, his body—then why not his stomach, which has worked hard a large part of the night, and is earnestly desirous of the soothing refreshment of a bath?

To those carping critics who cavil at the appearance of the stomach in a chapter entitled “How to Set the Table,” we need only say that the table is set for the stomach, and the stomach should be set for the table, and anyway, it comes very near being a table of contents, n’est-ce pas? — From, “The Myrtle Reed Cook Book,” 1905

🍽Etiquette Enthusiast, Maura J. Graber, is the Site Editor for the Etiquipedia© Etiquette Encyclopedia

Table Setting Etiquette in 1938

In setting the table, it is always the rule to place the silver to be used first farthest from the service plate, those to be used last, nearest to it. The forks are always placed on the left side of the plate; the knives (with the sharp edge toward the plate) and the spoons are on the right side of it. 

Household Hints:  The Smart Hostess on Setting the Table

There are certain rules for table settings and service that is well to review. These we have listed as briefly as possible. 

General Directions 

1 — Silver should always be placed in the order in which it is to be used, working from the outside in toward the plate. 

2 — Spoons and knives are placed at the right of the plate; forks at the left, with the possible exception of the oyster fork, which may be placed at the extreme right of the plate, so that it is the first piece of silver on the right. 

3 — If the meal begins with a fruit cocktail, the fruit spoon is placed at the extreme right; the bouillon or soup spoon next to it in toward the plate. Then come the fish or entree knife (used infrequently,) and next to this the meat knife. (If a salad or lettuce knife is used it may be placed next to the dinner knife, in toward the plate.) At luncheon or breakfast the first knife may be the butter spreader; butter spreader may also be placed on bread and butter plate for breakfast 
4 — At the extreme left of the plate is the fork first to be used; usually the fish fork or entree fork. Next to it, toward the plate, is the meat fork, and third, the salad fork. 

5 — All silver should be placed one half inch, or one inch, from the edge of the table, in an even and compact row. The sharp edge of each knife is always turned toward the plate. 

Setting for Breakfast, Luncheon, Dinner and Formal Dinner  

In setting the table, it is always the rule to place the silver to be used first farthest from the service plate, those to be used last, nearest to it. The forks are always placed on the left side of the plate; the knives (with the sharp edge toward the plate) and the spoons are on the right side of it. Water glasses stand at the tip end of the knife blade nearest the plate; the butter plate stands at the tip end of the fork. The napkin is placed either on the left side beside the fork farthest from the plate or, when there is no food on it, on the service plate. At formal dinners, butter is not served, so the butter plate is omitted. 


Breakfast

Suppose our menu consists of fruit, cereal, toast, bacon, eggs, coffee and jam. Each place should be equipped as follows: On the right of the plate and farthest from it, will lie the fruit spoon (although this may be on the fruit plate). Going towards the plate the cereal spoon lies next to the fruit spoon. Beside it is the knife of the main course and next to it, beside the service plate, is the coffee spoon, though it may lie in the saucer. On the left side and farthest from the plate, is the folded napkin. Next to it the fork for the main course. The butter spreader may be in front of the plate or lie on the butter plate. 


Dinner 

Flat silver for a menu consisting of fruit cocktail, main course, salad, dessert, and coffee would be placed as follows: The fruit cocktail spoon may lie on the table at the right farthest from the service plate or on the service plate. Next to it on the table, lies the soup spoon; the knife for the main course lies next to it, and the spoon for dessert lies between it snd the service plate, if it is not brought in when the course is served. On the left side, farthest from the plate, lies the folded napkin. Next to it lies the fork for the main course and between it and the plate, lies the salad fork. — Coronado Citizen, 1938

Etiquette Enthusiast, Maura J Graber, is the Site Editor for the Etiquipedia© Etiquette Encyclopedia